all of the lakes in algonquin along the highway 60 corridor contain small amounts of bass. Dont expect the other species of fish to come easy. Bass are your best bet.
cheap and easy, is a jig tipped with a soft plastic of some kind, like a grub or minnow. work your choice of lure around the rocky shorelines and weed beds. When I was a kid my parents took me to lake of two rivers and I used to take the canoe into the narrow weedy creeks and catch some pretty decent numbers of bass. Numbers, nothing trophy size.
Work the structure of the water with your lure, such as rocks, stumps and weed beds. My guess is you will get a few bass, although there is lake trout and brookies in canoe as well, I think. I have also caught perch and grass carp there.
This site may help you as well. Check out the fishing section and read the canoe trip reports that best match your own.
http://www.Algonquinadventures.com
Good luck.