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Michigan pipeline, S. Ontario sprawl cited as threats to Lake Huron water Sept. 9, 2009 Jim Moodie / www.manitoulin.ca LAKE HURON - Between a recently approved pipeline to Flint, Michigan and the spectre of southern Ontario growth zones tapping into a Collingwood-Alliston line that draws from Georgian Bay, stewards of Lake Huron have plenty to be concerned about these days. On August 31, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality approved a plan to flow 322 million litres of water per day to Genesee County, which includes the city of Flint, via a new pipeline that will be built between Lake Huron and this landlocked corner of the Wolverine State. Meanwhile, the extension of a sewage pipe north of Toronto through the York Region, along with development plans for the Simcoe area, are causing alarm that urban sprawl will edge closer to Georgian Bay and result in a cross-watershed take of H20. Mary Muter, Georgian Baykeeper through the Waterkeeper Alliance and a member of the cottager-based charity Georgian Bay Forever (GBF), has both developments on her radar, and neither one strikes her as boding well for the continent's second-largest lake. In July, she communicated her concerns regarding the Michigan pipeline to state authorities, arguing that Genesee County's proposal for a new withdrawal from Huron "demonstrates a clear lack of respect for the mainly finite resource that is available in our Great Lakes." Genesee County is already getting water from Lake Huron through an infamously leaky line maintained by Detroit, she noted, and that porous infrastructure-estimated to lose 20 percent of the water it pumps-should be patched up before any new pipeline is given a green light. Furthermore, the proposal "fails to respect the spirit of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement signed in December 2005 by the eight Great Lakes states and Ontario and Quebec," she contended. This agreement, referred to more commonly as the Great Lakes Compact, is legally binding among the US states and places a cap on most diversions, as well as sets new standards for water conservation and environmental protection. "We submitted our comments," she told the Expositor, "and basically got a response saying: 'Sorry, we're going ahead.'" Genesee officials, who hope to begin construction of the $600-million pipeline this coming year, argue there will be no net loss to Lake Huron since the county was already drawing from this source via Detroit. Moreover, the withdrawal won't move water out of the Great Lakes basin; anything used will eventually flow back into the same system, they say. Critics like Ms. Muter are far from reassured by such points, particularly since there is no guarantee that Detroit would cut back its usage in proportion to the amount of water Genesee will be getting through its alternative conduit. "If Michigan was sincere about adhering to the intent of the compact, they should be asking Detroit to reduce its withdrawal equal to the amount that Genesee is proposing to take," she said. As well, she's alarmed that the Genesee plan overlooks the conservation measures stipulated in the Great Lakes agreement, which calls on jurisdictions to reduce water consumption by 10 percent. "Their permit is for double what the population and projected needs are," she said. "They're going in the opposite direction." Great Lakes United, an environmental group spanning both sides of the Canada-US border, has also opposed the development, as has Sarnia mayor Mike Bradley, who told Sun Media that the controversial plan highlights the need for greater cross-border communication on water withdrawals. "This has clearly flagged the issue and it's been raised on an international level," he said. Closer to home, Ms. Muter and other environmentalists are warily eyeing the northward extension of a York Region sewage pipe which empties into Lake Ontario, along with development strategies for Simcoe County, whose main waterbodies-including Lake Simcoe-drain into Georgian Bay via the Severn River. If water and waste move between southern Ontario and the Simcoe region, "they are crossing the hydrological divide," noted Ms. Muter. The Georgian Baykeeper worries that urbanization of this swath of land between the GTA and cottage country is "a slippery slope," and the spread of development could easily result in demands for water from Lake Huron. "Georgian Bay is seen as a clean, unlimited resource," she said. "If the sewage pipe is moving that far north I can also see it going west, and water being moved directly from Georgian Bay to southern Ontario." There's an existing water pipe running from Collingwood to Alliston that is about two feet in diameter and has plenty of capacity remaining, according to the baykeeper. "There are a dozen Ts built into the Collingwood pipeline that aren't being used," said Ms. Muter. "I fear this will be used to start servicing more areas." Intrabasin transfers-crossing the watershed of one Great Lake to another-are forbidden except in a few, strictly regulated exceptions, according to the terms of the Great Lakes Compact, Ms. Muter noted. She's alarmed by the Michigan scheme to siphon water from Huron through a new pipeline, but is equally, if not more, concerned about Ontario's growth plans. "I don't think we should be pointing our fingers at the Americans if we ourselves aren't clean," she said.

Alarming invasion of Round Goby into Great Lakes tributaries: impact On endangered fishes ’serious’ September 7th, 2009 Kim Luke / Sciencedaily.com A team of scientists from the University of Toronto, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the University of Guelph has identified a drastic invasion of round goby into many Great Lakes tributaries, including several areas of the Thames, Sydenham, Ausable and Grand Rivers. A number of the affected areas are known as “species-at-risk” hot spots. “This invasion poses many potential threats for native species of fish and mussels,” says Mark Poos, a PhD Candidate in U of T’s Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Poos is lead author of the study published recently in the international journal Biological Invasions. Up to 89 per cent of fish species and 17 per cent of mussel species are either known or suspected to be affected by the goby invasion. Of particular concern is the impact on species that have a conservation designation, including such endangered species as the small eastern sand darter fish and mussels such as the wavy rayed lampmussel. The Great Lakes and its tributaries are Canada’s most diverse aquatic ecosystems, but are also the most fragile, notes Poos. Several of these rivers hold species found nowhere else in Canada, including 11 endangered species and two threatened species. Furthermore, the round goby, an aggressive ground-feeder, is a threat to three globally rare species: the rayed bean, northern riffleshell and snuffbox mussels. Round gobies entered the St. Clair River in 1990 likely through ballast water from ocean-going ships. Despite over 15 years of potential invasion through natural dispersal from the Great Lakes into tributaries, the round goby threat did not manifest itself until now. “It was previously thought that these high-diversity areas were immune to invasion. This study shows that this is likely not the case,” says Poos. He advises anglers to be watchful for round goby and if they catch one: do not release it back into the water. Other tips to prevent the spread of round goby include not releasing live bait into the water, draining your boat before leaving any water access and never transferring fish from one location to another. If people do catch round goby they should report the capture to http://www.invadingspecies.com.

Toxin-producing green goo returns to plague Lake Erie September 8, 2009 Craig Pearson / Canwest News Service A mysterious green gunk found in Lake Erie recently may indicate that an explosion of toxic algae is again threatening to suffocate the lake. University of Windsor professor of biological sciences Jan Ciborowski believes the goo is cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, which feed on phosphorus and produce toxins. "These toxins can kill animals and make people sick," said Ciborowski. "You don't want to drink it. And I wouldn't want to swim in it, either." Ciborowski figures the cyanobacteria has bloomed en masse the last couple of weeks because of warm temperatures and low winds, as well as more nutrients in the water. "It was one of the signs of the lake not being in good shape," Ciborowski said, referring to the '60s and '70s. "In the 1960s, the Great Lakes were declared dead because there was so much phosphorus going into the lakes that we were getting these huge blooms of algae," Ciborowski said. "The algae would eventually die, drop to the bottom, decompose, and use up all the oxygen in the lake." So in 1972, the Canadian and American governments formed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, designed to limit phosphorus by banning it from detergent and mandating better sewage treatment. It worked. By the early 1990s, the Great Lakes seemed comparatively clean. "That was the great success story of the Great Lakes," Ciborowski said. "Everybody thought that we had solved the problem. But since the late 1990s, even though we're not adding phosphate to detergent anymore, we're starting to see that there's more and more phosphorus getting back into the lake somehow. One of the big research questions now is where is that phosphorus coming from?" Though phosphorus is found naturally in the environment, it is considered a pollutant when overly abundant. Its most common commercial use is in fertilizers and pesticides. Scientists have been so confounded about 100 of them gathered in July in Windsor for the two-day Great Lakes Phosphorus Forum. Cyanobacteria is the same sort of algae linked to as many as 75 deaths in Brazil, though no such deaths have been reported in North America. Bruce Fox, owner of a marina tackle shop in the lakeside town of Colchester, says he has never seen such an algae bloom. "It looks like pea soup . . . You would almost think you could walk on it, it's so thick."

Canadian Coast Guard Commissions New Science Research Vessel in Burlington, Ontario Source: Government of Canada 9th September 2009 Terence Young, Member of Parliament for Oakville announced today, on behalf of the Honourable Gail Shea, Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, the naming and dedication to service of the Canadian Coast Guard’s newest science research vessel CCGS Kelso. The ceremony was held at the Canadian Centre of Inland Waters, where it will be based to support researchers from Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Environment Canada gathering information about the biological, chemical and physical properties of Canada’s Great Lakes. “As stewards of some of the greatest freshwater resources in the world, we are committed to understanding and protecting the Great Lakes.” said Minister Shea. “Having this state-of-the-art research vessel dedicated to our Great Lakes will greatly enhance our scientific understanding of issues affecting Canada’s inland waters.” “The Coast Guard has a longstanding history in Burlington, and throughout the region,” said MP Young. “Our Government is proud to have the Kelso serve in making a new contribution to the community and to Canadian science. We are confident the vessel will help our Coast Guard continue to perform at the high level of service that all have come to expect.” The vessel, classified as a Near Shore Fisheries Research Vessel, has been in service since June 2009, and will assume the duties of the soon-to-be-retired CCGS Shark. CCGS Kelso is named after the late Dr. John Kelso, a Canadian scientist for Fisheries and Oceans Canada, who dedicated his life to advancing freshwater science. Also attending was the Deputy Commissioner, Capt. René Grenier of the Canadian Coast Guard. The vessel was dedicated by Dr. Kelso’s widow, Mrs. Donna Kelso.

Alewives: The trouble they cause and the salmon that love them Sept. 3, 2009 Jeff Gillies / Great Lakes Echo Editors note: This is the second of three stories in a series about the challenges of managing non-native fish in the Great Lakes. Pacific salmon, the big money species in the multi-billion dollar Great Lakes fishery, need a feast of alewives to thrive. But alewives are an invasive species that harm lake trout, a native fish that biologists have been trying and failing to re-establish for decades. Alewives keep lake trout down in two ways, said Mark Ebener, fish assessment biologist with the Chippewa Ottawa Resources Authority. The first is simple: Alewives eat baby lake trout. Lake trout are slow growers and make fine fish food for alewives for a month or two after they hatch, said Charles Madenjian, a fishery biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey’s Great Lakes Science Center. Size isn’t the only problem. Because they evolved before the alewives invaded the Great Lakes, lake trout don’t know how to dodge an attacking alewife. “When it comes to avoiding alewife predation, they’re not that bright either,” Madenjian said. Lake trout also lay eggs in the middle of the lakes where alewives can easily scarf them down. That’s unlike salmon that lay their eggs in streams and rivers to protect their young. The other way alewives knock down lake trout is that they create a vitamin deficiency that kills newly hatched fish. Alewife tissues contain a chemical that breaks down thiamine, an important vitamin for the development of young fish and eggs. The chemical can also break down thiamine in fish that eat alewives, like lake trout. When lake trout eat too many alewives, their eggs hatch, but the larvae die. “There definitely appears to be this strong linkage that everybody’s pretty much in agreement with,” said Jim Dexter, Lake Michigan basin coordinator for the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. “When the thiamine levels get too low because lake trout are eating alewife, that inhibits the reproductive capacity for lake trout.” Though the reason isn’t clear, the thiamine-busting effect hits some species harder than others. It doesn’t seem to hurt the Great Lakes’ Pacific salmon much at all, Madenjian said. And while the lake trout aren’t the hardest hit species, they’re hit hard enough, especially when the effect is combined with alewives preying on young lake trout, Ebener said. “So the alewives, besides eating the larvae of native species, also disrupt the biochemical processes of native lake trout so that lake trout reproduction doesn’t happen,” he said. And if lake trout aren’t reproducing, then the Great Lakes will remain without their historical top predator. And that isn’t a stable ecosystem, said Jason Stockwell, a fishery biologist formerly with the U.S. Geological Survey’s Lake Superior Biological Station. Lake trout and other native species evolved in the Great Lakes and are built to take advantage of them, he said. Lake trout find food in the deep water in the middle of the lakes and the shallow water near shore. That makes them more versatile than salmon, which stick to shallow water. A rehabilitated lake trout population would be less prone to collapse than salmon because the native trout don’t depend on one source of food. “Native fish rehabilitation would get the system back into its most efficient and stable state,” Stockwell said. “Otherwise, there’s a continual need to keep stocking salmon.” For many recreational fisherman and state departments whose budgets depend partly on fishing licenses, an unending salmon stocking program wouldn’t be a bad thing. Great Lakes recreational fishing generates between $4 billion and $8 billion every year, said Dan Thomas, president of the Great Lakes Sports Fishing Council. Most of that comes from salmon fishing. “Just by the numbers of caught fish that are reported, it could easily be 70, 80 percent,” he said. Salmon are a more exciting target than lake trout, he said. They swim fast and jump high; a deep-water lake trout sit at the bottom and tugs on the line. “It’s like drag racing with a Corvette versus a Model T,” Thomas said. But some anglers still enjoy fishing for lake trout, including Thomas. But if the state agencies abandon salmon stocking to focus on lake trout restoration, revenues from licenses will drop and the states will start shedding employees. “When your budget is in decline, something has to give,” he said. “It’s all simple economics.”

Great Lakes Fish plan debated Sides disagree on need of invasive species. Sept. 2, 2009 JEFF GILLIES / Great Lakes Echo Fishery managers have made little progress in restoring lake trout, the Great Lakes' dominant predator until the species collapsed in the 1940s and 1950s. Most of them agree that alewives, a non-native fish, are a big part of the problem. They invaded the lakes from the Atlantic Ocean after the Welland Canal opened in 1932. Alewives eat young lake trout and disrupt chemical processes important to their reproduction. No eradication But biologists don't plan on getting rid of them now that they're here. Instead, Lake Michigan managers recently launched fish stocking strategies that protect alewives. What's going on? Invasive species are usually the target of disdain and eradication programs. But alewives get a pass because they're the main food source for two other non-native species – the chinook and coho salmon. And those salmon are cornerstones of a multi-billion dollar Great Lakes fishery. Though states imported salmon to control alewives, management plans now serve to keep enough alewives around to keep salmon healthy and abundant. And as long as state agencies aim to keep available lots of alewives for salmon to eat, lake trout rehabilitation is impossible, said Mark Ebener, an assessment biologist with the Chippewa Ottawa Resources Authority, a regulatory agency representing five Michigan Indian tribes. Salmon profits Other experts disagree. Great Lakes fisheries managers have no plans to abandon the profitable salmon fishery, said Marc Gaden, spokesperson for the Great Lakes Fishery Commission. "There's no inherent contradiction between managing for the native fishery, and also stocking fish for recreational purposes," he said. "There is definitely a balance that needs to occur." Until the mid 1900s, lake trout were the top predators in every Great Lake but Erie. They supported tribal and commercial fisheries. But a slew of factors drove them nearly extinct in all of the lakes but Superior. Between overfishing and the invasion of the parasitic sea lamprey that feasted on the fish, the Great Lakes' annual lake trout harvest plummeted from 15 million pounds to 300,000 pounds by the 1960s. Great Lakes fishery managers have tried to restore lake trout through sea lamprey control and planting young fish. That's only worked in Lake Superior where a small lake trout population remained after the species' basin-wide collapse. Some researchers think lake trout restoration hasn't worked because fisheries managers have stocked the wrong age fish in the wrong places at the wrong times. Others, like Ebener, say the biggest problem is the 6-inch alewife. They exploded by the 1950s and 1960s because there weren't enough lake trout left to control them. They crowded out native species like white fish and perch, and were prone to huge die-offs that would cover beaches with rotting fish. A plan In the 1960s, Michigan managers hatched a plan to control alewives by stocking the Great Lakes with chinook and coho salmon, both native to the Pacific Ocean. The salmon would sit in for lake trout at the top of the food chain and draw recreational anglers looking for a fish that fights. The plan worked, driving down alewives and creating a world-class salmon fishery better than it was in the Pacific where those fish were from, Ebener said. That built new interest in fishing for other species. Recreational fishing on the Great Lakes was minuscule before the 1960s, Dexter said. There was no Clean Water Act to keep people and industries from freely polluting the lakes, and anglers were happy to stay inland. But Great Lakes sport fishing grew, bringing a financial boom to sleepy towns that built local economies catering to recreational anglers. Some sports fishermen are worried that state agencies have a bias for native species and will pull the plug on salmon, said Dan Thomas, president of the Great Lakes Sports Fishing Council.

Tribes retrieve lost nets from Lake Superior Sept. 7, 2009 / www.great-lakes.org Houghton, MI – Tribal wardens Dan North and Jim Stone successfully retrieved about 3,000' of gill net aboard the enforcement vessel Mizhakwad in June. They were removed from Lake Superior in the Houghton area. The nets, of unknown origin, appeared to have been in the lake for a period of years, according to GLIFWC Enforcement Chief Fred Maulson. Most nets were "extremely deteriorated," the contents rotten, and no identification tags were found. An angler reported the nets and provided GPS coordinates for their locations. Once at the GPS location, wardens deployed a large metal drag with multiple hooks, pulling the drag across the lake bottom in grids around their marker. Once a net was hooked, the net-lifter was used to pull up the drag and the net. Following up on another complaint about possible "ghost" nets, GLIFWC wardens along with staff from the Michigan DNR, searched for nets in the Marquette area this summer as well. The complaint had also included GPS coordinates. Searchers completed a grid check and patrolled the area, but no nets were found.

Lake Trout intelligence and its relatives Sept. 7, 2009 / www.great-lakes.org Lake Trout are a favorite once native species for fisheries managers who opine for the restoration of the Great Lakes to their original once glorious status – whatever that may be. Well known fisheries managers, supervisors and biologists like Ebner, Eshenroder, Gorenflo, Hansen, etc. make no bones about their desire to re-establish lake trout to its original status as the top predator of the Great Lakes. And get rid of the enormously successful Pacific Salmon program because of alleged biological conflicts. Others, like Krueger, McLeish, Newman, Smith, Johnson, Goddard and other equally well known scientists who feel it would make their jobs of managing Great Lakes fisheries programs so much easier, less costly and reduce manpower secretly would like to also see lake trout re-established and crash the alewife population. It’s not clear whether these folks have really thought this scenario thru and understand the economic ramifications of their secret desires. Most anglers - and that is in the high 90 percentile, like things the way they are – a nice five species mix of Chinook salmon, Coho salmon, Steelhead, Brown Trout and Lake Trout - all top predators they can target at different times of the day or year, in deep or shallow water, in the open lake or related streams. Versatility and diversity is what drives this multi-billion dollar economic machine, eight billion dollars by some accounts, and the lowly alewife plays a key role in the whole scheme of things. This is what sells fishing licenses and salmon stamps. This is what generates excise taxes on fishing tackle for the Sportfish Restoration Act. This is the hard currency that goes right back to state fishery agencies, for management programs and salaries. One of the biggest problems with today’s fisheries managers – and the college programs they signed up for to secure their degree, is their lack of any education in economics, what really runs the money energy machine in the Great Lakes region. They never took Economics 101. It is a simple course that should be a requirement in their quest for their degree at Michigan State, or Wisconsin or the other state supported universities that carry prestigious Natural Resource curricula, but it isn’t. Guys like Bill Taylor (Dr William…) just don’t get it; and Taylor is a commissioner of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and chair of Michigan State’s Natural Resource program. Now these fish aren’t all that smart either. Lake Trout are known to eat their young, spawn in the open lake so passersby can feed on those tasty hi-protein morsels, and pass up a dinner of native herring for a non-native Alewife - a fatty diet of thiaminase and high protein. Admittedly, it is a diet that doesn’t do much for the Lake Trout reproductive process, but then remember they aren’t very smart. A favorite angling lure with a high success ratio is a shiny silver spoon emulating an alewife. As I said, not too smart, huh? Interestingly, the thiamine thing doesn’t inhibit Pacific salmon from having a good time and reproducing in our once polluted lakes. Steelhead will often hit a piece of pink yarn, simple fluff we once stole from our grandmas knitting basket. Chinooks and Cohos will hit most anything you tie on to the end of line, so long as you run it in front of their nose and make them angry. Open lake Brown trout think they’re being cagy by feeding at night in the shallows where boating anglers can’t get at them. Sure. Angling is really more sophisticated than that, we spend a lot of money and time pursuing a great recreational sport and aren’t always 100% successful, but you get the idea, huh? Resource managers are looking for a stable ecosystem, elusive for over 70 years, and we can’t fault them for that. It would make their lives and jobs much easier but that doesn’t come without consequences. By some accounts it’s like walking a tightrope. Just for starters they have millions of anglers and charter captains to contend with. Then they also have the economy created by this vast fishery. Some say they created this problem, thru ignorance, indifference and bad management. Others call it a stroke of luck. Maybe we aren’t so dumb after all.

Rockford angler Tom Healy hooks 41-pound brown trout that shatters state record Thursday September 10, 2009 Aaron Ogg / The Grand Rapids Press Tom Healy holds the 41-pound, 7-ounce, 43.75-inch-long brown trout he caught while fishing for salmon on the Manistee River on Wednesday. It awaits verification by world record keepers as the largest ever caught. ROCKFORD -- Tom Healy floated along the Manistee River in Manistee County on Wednesday morning hoping to hook a few salmon, but the longtime fisherman's fate was much weightier. The 66-year-old Rockford man wrangled with a 41-pound, 7-ounce, 43.75-inch-long brown trout for 15 minutes before hauling it into his boat. The fish breaks the species' state record and awaits verification by world record keepers as the largest ever caught. "When we hooked it, we knew it was a big fish," Healy said. "How big, we didn't realize." Officials with the state Department of Natural Resources' fisheries division Wednesday checked out the monstrous grab and said it meets all guidelines as Michigan's new champion. "This is one of the most amazing fish I've seen in my life," said Todd Kalish, fisheries supervisor for the Central Lake Michigan unit, "a real testament of the world class fishery Michigan provides. "It's a once-in-a-lifetime thing for someone like that." Healy, 15-year fishing buddy and East Grand Rapids resident Bob Woodhouse and guide Tim Roller of Cadillac-based Ultimate Outfitters caught some salmon before hooking the big one near the Bear Creek access point. Healy said the fish tried to jump a couple times, but he was able to wrestle it in open water with his Rapala Shad Rap lure and Cabela's rod and reel. "The reality of it is, I was pretty doggone lucky," Healy said. "It's just one of those things." The previous brown trout state record of 36 pounds, 13 ounces was set in 2007 by Casey Richey near Frankfort Harbor. The current world record is held by Howard Collins, who caught a 40-pound, 4-ounce brown trout in the Little Red River in Arkansas in 1992, according to the Florida-based International Game Fish Association and the Freshwater Fishing Hall of Fame & Museum in Hayward, Wis. Healy said he plans to contact the IGFA to try to claim the record. "I'm a guy who generally practices catch and release," he said. Since Healy retired as president of Grand Rapids-based construction firm Owen-Ames-Kimball Co. nearly five years ago, he's been able to devote more time to his love. His trips include perusing the Bahamas for bonefish and hitting the Florida Keys for tarpon. He generally travels to the same spot on the Manistee River to pursue steelhead in October and November. Photographs, mounted pieces and replicas of trophy fish line his basement and office areas. "I'm a fisherman at heart," he said. His latest catch sits in a Manistee taxidermist's shop awaiting work. It likely will end up on his living room wall because there's not enough room in his office, he said. "I'm a guy who believes if you put your line in the water, you've got a five-times better chance than if you keep it in the boat" Healy said.

I would delete your bogus TJ Quesnel account but then TJ would have to delete his bogus Daplumma account.

Correct, mass PM'ing was disabled.

I can see the headlines now, "Global Warming (or rather "Climate Change") Producing Record Sized Cold Water Species".

A stellar line up of outdoor writers indeed. I'll get back to reading it all of it with my morning java fix. No doubt it'll be educational.

About 20 minutes ago I sent Mike a PM telling him I'm getting impatient.

Yah yah, rub it in.

Yea, we're about due for another mini swill so you can school me on the finer points of being a sheephead master.

Another anniversary, didn't you have one last year? Congratulations TJ and Monique. Great way to spend it too.

What a beast. Hopefully we'll soon see some pictures.

Bingo! As a side note Mike I'm anxiously awaiting for your latest trip report.

Great read Garry, loved it! I hope there'll be plenty more as the fall season comes into full swing.

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Amen !

Nice pond, nice bass, really nice hat.

Thanks Splashhopper. A timely post indeed.